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The United States of America is a country made up of 50 states covering a large part of North America. Alaska lies in the northwest of the continent, and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Major cities on the Atlantic coast include New York and the capital, Washington. To their west is another key city – Chicago, known for its impressive architecture. On the West Coast lies Los Angeles with its famous Hollywood studios.

• Capital: Washington
• President: Donald Trump
• Governance: Federal state, Presidential republic, Republic, Federal republic
• Speaker: Mike Johnson (Republican Party)
• Population: 340.1 million (2024)
• Continent: North America
• Founded: 4 July 1776
   

Canada is a North American country stretching from the US border in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. Its major cities include the populous Toronto, Vancouver (the film industry hub on the west coast), the French‑speaking Montreal and Quebec, and the capital city, Ottawa. Much of Canada is wilderness, including Banff National Park in the Rocky Mountains with its many lakes. It is also home to the world‑famous Niagara Falls. ― Google

• Capital: Ottawa
• Official languages: French, English
• Government: Federal state, Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary democracy
• Area: 9,985,000 km²
• Population: 40.1 million (2023)
• Prime Minister: Mark Carney
• Governor General: Mary Simon
• Founded: 1 July 1867

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a country in Western Europe, a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons with federal authorities in Bern.

• Official languages: Romansh, German, French, Italian
• Currency: Swiss franc
• Gross Domestic Product: USD 884.9 billion (2023)
• Population: 8.888 million (2023)
• Government: Direct democracy, Federal republic, Directoral republic
• Area: 41,285 km²
• Country code: +41
• Founded: 1 August 1291

Germany is a country in Western Europe known for its forests, rivers, mountain ranges, and North Sea beach resorts. Its history spans more than two thousand years. In the capital, Berlin, cultural and nightlife scenes thrive. Many landmarks, such as the Brandenburg Gate, commemorate World War II events. Munich is famous for Oktoberfest and its beer halls, the most well-known being the Hofbräuhaus, established in the 16th century. Frankfurt, a city of skyscrapers, is home to the European Central Bank headquarters.

• Capital: Berlin
• Chancellor: Friedrich Merz
• Population: 83.28 million (2023)
• President: Frank-Walter Steinmeier
• Area: 357,592 km²
• Dialing code: +49
• Official language: German
• Founded: 23 May 1949

France is a country in Western Europe, home to medieval cities, Alpine villages, and Mediterranean beaches. Paris, the capital, is famous for its fashion houses, the oldest art museums including the Louvre, and landmarks like the Eiffel Tower. France is known for its wines and exquisite cuisine. The cave paintings at Lascaux, the Three Gauls Amphitheatre in Lyon, and the massive Palace of Versailles testify to the rich history of the region. ― Google

• Capital: Paris
• President: Emmanuel Macron
• Prime Minister: François Bayrou
• Government: Unitary state, Mixed republic
• Area: 551,695 km²
• Official language: French
• Population: 68.29 million (2023)
• Founded: 4 October 1958

Italy is a Mediterranean country in Southern Europe with a long coastline that has had a major impact on Western culture and cuisine. The capital, Rome, is home to the Vatican and world-famous museums and ancient ruins. Other major cities include Florence, with Renaissance masterpieces like Michelangelo’s David and the Duomo cathedral designed by Brunelleschi; Venice, the city of canals; and Milan, the fashion capital.

• Capital: Rome
• President: Sergio Mattarella
• Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni
• Provinces: South Tyrol, Rome, Varese, Milan, Naples
• Government: Unitary parliamentary republic
• Area: 302,073 km²
• Population: 58.99 million (2023)
• Founded: 2 June 1946

The Netherlands is a flat country in northwestern Europe, known for its canals, tulip fields, windmills, and cycling routes. In the capital city of Amsterdam are the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum, and the house where the Jewish girl Anne Frank wrote her diary during World War II. From the Dutch Golden Age (17th century), canal-side mansions and famous paintings by Rembrandt and Vermeer have been preserved. ― Google

• Capital: Amsterdam
• Official language: Dutch
• Provinces: North Holland, South Holland
• Government: Monarchy, Unitary state
• Population: 17.88 million (2023)
• Area: 41,865 km²
• Phone code: +31
• Founded: 26 July 1581

Poland is a country in Eastern Europe on the Baltic Sea coast, known for its medieval architecture and Jewish quarters. The city of Krakow is famous for the 14th-century Royal Castle on Wawel Hill, which offers a magnificent view of the medieval Old Town, where the Cloth Hall – a Renaissance-era trading building on the Main Market Square – is located. Near the city is the Auschwitz-Birkenau museum, opened on the site of the Nazi concentration camp Oświęcim, and the Wieliczka salt mine, which is a network of corridors and chambers. ― Google

• Capital: Warsaw
• President: Andrzej Duda
• Official language: Polish
• Gross Domestic Product: 809.2 billion USD (2023)
• Population: 36.69 million (2023)
• Area: 322,575 km²
• Phone code: +48
• Founded: 966

The United Kingdom (officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is an island country in northwestern Europe, consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In England, the birthplace of Shakespeare and The Beatles, lies the nation's capital, London—a global business and cultural center. The country is also famous for the Neolithic monument Stonehenge, the Roman baths in the city of Bath, and the historic universities of Oxford and Cambridge. ― Google

• Capital: London
• King: Charles III
• Government: Unitary state, Parliamentary system, Constitutional monarchy
• Population: 68.35 million (2023)
• Prime Minister: Keir Starmer
• Calling code: +44
• Area: 243,610 km²
• Founded: 1922

Spain is a European country located on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory is divided into 17 autonomous regions. In the capital, Madrid, lies the Royal Palace and the Prado Museum, which holds masterpieces of European artists. In Segovia, one can visit the medieval castle (Alcázar) and see a well-preserved Roman aqueduct. Barcelona is the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The city’s appearance is defined by the fantastical creations of architect Antoni Gaudí, including the Sagrada Família.

• Capital: Madrid
• Provinces: Barcelona, Valencia, Malaga, Alicante, Biscay
• Official languages: Spanish
• King: Felipe VI
• Prime Minister: Pedro Sánchez
• Population: 48.35 million (2023)
• Area: 506,030 km²
• Founded: 1492